《经济解释》-张五常-2

γСЩеУСú壬scarcity塣ζУЩν乩й磬Ψ乩κδгpriceмЩ缫гмsacrificeмУcompetitionо趼裬оУйСгмлзɡΣмУ磬塣ζ磬ɡУ壬жУУоУо飬йе顪УмСɡоλλйɡоокеλм棬Уо絽СдáУгУейɡɡЩУɡ綨綨system of property rights磬Щвprivate propertyrights°property property овproperty 岻жоúPropertyCompetitionScarcity塹跨УɡУоЩймprice仰в棬ЩЭЭжУеЧмЭмá棬жЩваЩиЩгīк棬оɡге棬Чм·гáòεЩСλоγɡй濴мйййгУжнгЧ飬д°о鱾ЩáУΨмУκкΣνйС鱨ЩΨмΨймЩЩЩЩЩmultiple choiceйкκ磬миvalue judgementжй絼жü÷жоáзжóУЩЧжЩЧжж·ɡ飬СЩж磬ммджгггггκййзЧжЩйconstraintsаκηСййжй估жнνincome distributionresourceallocation resource use黹гмв÷Χве飬·ΧСīαùм÷νNew Institutional Economics廨вЧйγйλйγйЩЩУйЩad hoc theorytautologyvalue judgementnonsenseF. HayekTheory of the StateJ. BuchananG. StiglerG. BeckerH. Demsetzой塹·СийдγдЩι·йΣемΡUtility ЧáйUtility УЩCost 跨úáUtility òòUtility òòаUtilityUtility 塣ЩUtility塣ЩвáСJ. Bentham, 1748- 1832UtilityáúúвиùЩЩгE. E. Slusky1880- 1948ù飬оòG. J. Stigler, 1911- 1991The Development of Utility Theoryеīдоīλɡ" The criterion of congruence with reality should have been sharpened- sharpened intothe insistence that theories be examined for their implications for observable behavior.Not only were such implications not sought and tested, but there was a tendency, when thereappeared to be a threat of an empirical test, to reformulate theeeeeory to make theeeestineffective. Economists did not anxiously seek theechallenge of the facts."ü顣ЩбевЧЩá粻R. H. Coase M. FriedmanG. BeckerA. AAAAlchianЩ顢ááλáжЩкOptionsСУСССУе.. 壬Се°Utility áУOptionsrankingСССáСССó档ЩСáóСеCardinal measureУOrdinal measureβLinear transformationò书СνAdditive utilityComplementsSubstitutes翧裩вJ. von Neumann1903- 1957O. Mogenstern1902- 1977д飬棨здУ屶ЩɡССλУνйλ绰Total utilityλI. Fisher1867- 1947飬е濴йW. S. Jevons1835- 1882оУòжбзɡΧR. H. StrotzжλЩ滻Postulate of substitutionκκ·滻Щáмм滻滻÷Indifference Curve бнóеС乭Convexity postulate滻Postulate of diminishing marginal rate of substitutionе滻滻滻÷ó滻书滻Inferior good Щ顣Inferior goodλn滻пáòɡ书ЧηGiffen ParadoxЪA. Marshall棨壩дλмηSirRobert Giffen, 1827- 1910ЪеηGiffen Goodηκηηκоη濴ηггνηдС粻гκмηгηκξеΡī桪÷мηɡ÷бмЩмЩгáм档÷ξ濴postulate÷η÷еηη粻úЩκοá磬粻áUtility粻áα鷳еú÷Сá÷á÷кЩ顢мЩгNon- pecuniary goodáзг滻Pecuniary good滻滻簬й滻áùáá岻仰书Сá÷ξη÷мм仵й÷εvariableб費other things unchangedceteris paribusparameter費мη÷ЩЩ÷M. FriedmanЪThe MarshallianDemand CurveЪЪ磬·ɡЪ÷ɡreal income money income裩мηü仹бɡУ÷ηpartial equilibriumgeneral equilibrium磬ηɡ磬磬η÷κн÷бɡбηУооηɡɡɡɡдддɡɡ鱾òáá綨йЩmoney incomeмɡУн仹ЩЩммпЩмЩЩ飬ζЩмindependent variabledependent variableЧЪceteris paribusPrice Theory÷濴νУζζtasteζΨüζζζжζжζζζζζζζζЩɡζиζζζζЩЩкУЩζζЩЩЩζζζζζ顣ζζζζζЩζЩζνη÷ùйutilityдбA. SmithЩЩдuse valueexchange value壬гмн飨зм汾ζСЩννΣгмммммммЩгЩгмммм滻relative priceвν滻гУмеpresent valuediscountedгг棬棬νоζСжɡгС覴VVS1 VVS2 йcuttingи覴áйжм