哈佛课程 公正：该如何做是好 中英双语-53

即 一项社会活动 或 一项体育运动的目的，debates about what the purpose of a social practice or a game is, on the one hand以及 何种品质 应该获得荣誉，这两者间的联系；and the question of what qualities should be honored on the other;也体现了 目的论 与the link between teleology分配正义原则 之间的联系and honor-based principles of distributive justice.Casey Martin 是谁？Who was Casey Martin?Casey Martin 是一个非常优秀的 高尔夫球手。Well, Casey Martin is a very good golfer.能在最高水平的 高尔夫球赛中 竞技。Able to compete at the highest levels of golf除有一件事情but for one thing;他患有一种 罕见的he has a rare腿部血液循环的疾病，circulatory problem in his leg这使得 他行走非常困难。that makes it very difficult for him to walk;不仅困难，而且危险。not only difficult but dangerous.所以，他请求 职业高尔夫球协会(PGA)，And so he asked the PGA,这个管理 职业巡回赛 的组织which governs the pro tour in golf,来允许他 参赛时，to be able to use a golf cart能够使用 高尔夫球车 来代步。when he competed in professional tournaments.PGA说不行，PGA said no,于是，他依据《美国伤残法案》提起诉讼，and he sued under the Americans for Disabilities Act;官司一直打到了 美国最高法院。he sued in a case that went all the way to the United States Supreme Court.最高法院 需要解决的问题就是，The question the Supreme Court had to answer was,Casey Martin 是否有权利does Casey Martin have a right让PGA 提供和允许他that the PGA provide him, allow him,在巡回赛上，使用高尔夫球车？to use a golf cart on the tour, or not?这儿有多少人 认为How many here think that,从 道德的角度来看from a moral point of view,Casey Martin 应该Casey Martin should有权利使用 高尔夫球车？have a right to use a golf cart?有多少人认为，他没有这个权利？And how many think that he should not have a right to a golf cart, in the tournaments?多数人 赞同 Casey Martin具有这个权利So the majority are sympathetic to Casey Martin's right,尽管 有相当一部分的少数派 不同意。though a substantial minority disagree.让我们先听听Let's first hear from those of you那些 不支持Casey Martin的声音who would rule against Casey Martin.为什么你们认为，PGA不需要 让他骑高尔夫球车？Why would you not say that the PGA must give him a golf cart?是的。Yes.因为 起初提出 高尔夫球Since the inception of golf,因为 这项体育运动 的其中一部分because it has been part of the sport高尔夫 一个重要的环节it is now intrinsically part of golf;就是 在高尔夫球场上 行走，walking the course.所以，行走 成为了打高尔夫球的 内在的一部分。And thus, because it's intrinsic to golf,我会说，不能在球场上 行走，I'd argue that not being able to walk the course就等于是 不能完成 这项运动的这个方面，is just not being able to perform an aspect of the sport,而对于 职业级的水平，这是必要的。which is necessary to performing at a professional level.好的，等一下。Good.Stay there for a minute.你叫什么名字What's your name?TommyTommy.顺便问下，你是高尔夫球手吗，Tom？Are you a golfer, by the way, Tom?不是经常打，但Not so much but, yeah,打一点a little bit.这里有没有 打高球的，Are there any golfers here,我的意思是 真正打高尔夫的？I mean, real golfers?谢谢你，教授，那是...Thank you, professor, that was...不，不No, no.我接受你的观点。I'm just taking your word for it.这里有没有人是 高尔夫球队的？Is there someone here on the golf team?好的。Yes?请说你的名字，Tell us your name,再告诉我们 你是怎么想的。and tell us what you think.我的名字是 Michael，My name is Michael而且我通常会开 一部高尔夫球车。and I usually take a cart.所以...So . . .可能 你不该问我I'm probably the wrong person to ask.当我发问时，你的手举很慢，是不是这个原因？Is that why your hand went up slowly when I asked?是的。Yes.好的，但是Tom说，Alright, but Tom is saying,先前Tom说，至少 在职业球手的级别上，Tom said a minute ago that at least at the professional level在球场上行走 是打高尔夫球 所必不可少的。walking the course is essential to the game.你同意吗？Do you agree?我同意，是的。I would, yes.真的？那你为什么 要开球车？You do? Then why do you take a cart?而且，你自称是 打高尔夫球的？And you call yourself a golfer?不，不。No, no, no.我在开玩笑，玩笑。I'm kidding, I'm kidding.对此 你怎么说？What do you say to that?当我在球场上 用腿走之后When I have walked the course这确实给 这项运动 增添了很多it does add tremendously to the game.这样比赛就更加难了，真的。It makes it a lot harder. It really does.是吗？Yeah?好吧，Michael和Tom 留在那儿。Alright let's hear, Michael and Tom stay there,让我们听听 那些let's hear from people who认为 他有权 骑球车的人的意见say that he should have a right to a golf cart.以及为什么？谁准备为 这个立场辩护？Why? Who is prepared to defend that position?说吧。Yes.嗯，我想 肯定应该要求PGAWell, I think the PGA should definitely允许他 骑车一辆球车。be required to give him a golf cart因为这场争论， 不只是关于because they argue in the decision that it's not just a matter of,他是不是也 体验了这种疲劳。he's not experiencing fatigue.对他而言，他也是 走了将近一英里，For him he's still walking about a mile,球车不能 在随便开，the cart can't go everywhere with him,在这一英里，他仍感受到 比一个健康的球手and in that mile he is still experiencing more fatigue and pain更多的疲倦和痛苦。than a healthy player would.所以，这不是说 他想免掉 自己的劣势。So, it's not as if you're removing the disadvantage.你叫什么名字?What's your name?RivaRiva.Riva，对于Tom的观点，认为Riva, what do you say to Tom's point在球场上行走 是比赛必不可少的，你怎么看？that walking the course is essential to the game?这就像 一位残疾人It would be as if在美国篮球职业联赛上 打球，a disabled player could play in the NBA却不必 在球场上 跑来跑去一样。but not have to run up and down the court.对此 我有两个回应。Well, I think there are two responses to that.首先，我不认为 行走是这项运动 不可缺少的，First, I don't think it's essential to the game,因为绝大多数高尔夫球手，尤其是 平常休闲娱乐时，because most golfers who play,particularly recreationally,都会开车。 -- 就像Michael一样play with a cart. -- Like Michael.而且，在某些巡回赛上And on several of the tours你是可以 骑车的。you can play with a cart;例如 PGA 元老级 职业高尔夫巡回赛，on the Senior PGA Tour,耐克巡回赛，on the Nike Tour,以及 许多的大学赛事in a lot of the college events.这些赛事，也几乎 和PGA巡回赛一样And those events are just as competitive高水平 、高竞技性。and just as high level as the PGA Tour.所以，如果你争辩说，这是该运动的一个重要部分，So, really it's just a matter of selective reasoning那只是 一次有选择的推论。if you argue it as an important part of the sport.哪怕 你非得让他 走这段路，But, even if it is he still does have to walk,他还是站着 打高尔夫球，he still plays golf standing up,这并非说 他就可以在轮椅上 打高尔夫了。it's not as if he's playing golf from a wheelchair.好的，Alright.还有谁？Who else?说吧。Go ahead.我想 比赛的整个目的I think the whole point of a competition就是从第二名、第三名中，挑选出最好的。is that it calls out the best, you know, from the second best or from the third best.而当我们 谈论国家级水平，And when we're talking about the national level,我们是在谈论 最高级中的最高级。we're talking about the highest of the highest.我想，我们的争论点在于 比赛的目的是什么。I think what they're arguing about here is the purpose of competition.而我认为，为了竞赛，你不能改变规则。And I think in the sake of competition you can't change the rules.所以，竞赛的目的 需要包括行走？So, the purpose of the competition includes walking?行走是 它的一个关键点。你同意Tom.That's an essential, you agree with Tom.你叫什么名字？And what's your name?David。David.最高法院 裁决The Supreme Court ruledPGA 得准予Casey Martin使用球车，that the PGA did have to accommodate Casey Martin而判决的理由是，如Riva所说and they did it on grounds that Riva mentioned,行走 并不是这项比赛的 真正关键的部分。that walking isn't really part of, an essential part of the game.最高法院的证词说，在高尔夫球场上 行走They cited testimony saying that walking the court所消耗的卡路里，比吃下的一个巨无霸（快餐）还少consumes no more calories than you get eating a Big Mac.多数法官 都是这样认为。