12. E. A. Nelson’s System Development Corp. Report TM-3225, Management Handbook forEstimation of Computer Programming Costs, 尽管标注有较大的背离, 仍然显示了高级语言带来了1 至3 倍生产率的提高(pp. 66-67).第9 章1. Brooks F. P., and K. E .Iverson, Automatic Data Processing, System/360 Edition. New York:Wiley, 1969. Chapter 6.2. Knuth, D. E., The Art of Computer Programming. Vols. 1 - 3. Reading, Mass.:Addison-Wesley, 1968. ff.第10 章1. Conway, M. E., “How do committees invent? ” Datamation. 14,4(April. 1968 ), pp. 28-31.- 183 ------------------------ Page 196-----------------------第11 章1. 在Oglethorpe 大学1932 年5 月22 号的演讲.2. 描述了Multics 在两个成功系统上所获得经验的书籍是F. J. Corbató, J. H. Saltzer, and C. T.Clingen, “Multics-the first seven years,” AFIPS Proc SJCC. 40(1972), pp. 571-583.3. Cosgrove, J., “Needed: a new planning framework,” Datamation, 17, 23(Dec.1971 ), pp.37-39.4. 设计变更的问题是很复杂的, 这里我过于简化了. 参见J. H. Saltzer “Evolutionary designof complex systems,” in D. Eckman (ed.), Systems: Research and Design. New York: Wiley,1961. 当所有的事被提出和完成, 我依然提倡构建一个被抛弃的实验性系统.5. Campbell, E., “Report to the AEC Computer Information Meeting,” December, 1970. 该现象同时有J. L. Ordin 在“Designing reliable software,” Datamation. 18, 7(. July. 1972), pp.71-78 中讨论. 至于曲线是否会再次下降, 我的具有丰富检验的朋友们各执己见.6. Lehman, M., and L. Belady, “Programming systems dynamics,” given at the ACM SIGOPSThird Symposium on Operating Systems Principles ,October, 1971.7. Lewis, C. S., Mere Christianity. New York: Macmillan, 1960, p. 54.第12 章1. 参见J. W. Pomeroy, “A guide to programming tools and techniques,” IBM Sys. J., 11,3(1972),pp. 234-254.2. Landy B., R. M. Needham, “ Software engineering techniques used in the development of theCambridge Multiple-Access System” Software, 1,2 (April, 1971), pp. 167-173.3. Corbato F. J. , “PL/I as a tool for system programming” Datamation, 15, 5(May, 1969), pp.68-76.4. Hopkins, M., “Problems of PL/I for system programming” IBM Research Report RC 3489.Yorktown Heights, N. Y., August 5, 1971.5. Corbato F. J., J. H. Saltzer, and C. T. Clingen, “MULTICS - the first seven years”, AFIPS ProcSJCC, 40(1972) pp. 571-582. “出于达到最优性能的原因, 仅有半打使用PL/L 编程的领域重新用汇编进行了改写. 许多最初使用机器语言编写的程序都用PL/L 重新编写,译提高它们的可维护性.”- 184 ------------------------ Page 197-----------------------6. 引用Corbato 论文中的参考资料3: "PL/I is here now and the alternatives are still untested".同时,书写良好的提出反面意见的文章, 参见 Henricksen J. O. and R. E. Merwin,“Programming language efficiency in real-time software systems”, AFIPS Proc SJCC.40(1972). pp. 155-161.7. 并不是所有人都同意. 在一次私下的交流中, Harlan Mills 说: “我的经验开始告诉我, 在产品开发中, 将秘书安排到终端面前. 其思想是使编程成为在众多团队成员监督下, 更加大众化的实践, 而不是一项专有的技术..”8. Yarr J., “Programming Experience for the Number 1 Electronic Switching System,” papergiven at the 1969 SJCC.第13 章1. Vyssotsky V. A., 在Chapel Hill, N. C1972 年举办的计算机程序测试方法讨论会“Commonsense in designing testable software”. Vyssitsky 的大多数演讲收录在Hetzel, W. C. (ed.),Program Test Methods. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972. pp. 41-47.2. Wirth, N., “Program development by stepwise refinement,” CACM 14, 4(April, 1971) pp.221-227. 参见Mills, H., “Top-down programming in large systems,” in R. Rustin (ed.).Debugging Techniques in Large Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971, pp.41-55; and Baker F. T., “System quality through structured programming,” AFIPS Proc FJCC.41-I(1972), pp. 339-343.3. Dahl O. J., E. W. Dijkstra, and C. A. R. Hoare, Structured programming. London and NewYork: Academic Press, 1972. 该专栏包括了最完整的讨论处理. 参见 Dijkstra 的书信“GOTO statement considered harmful,” CACM., 11,3(March, 1968), pp. 147-148.4. Bohm C.,and A. Jacopini, “Flow diagrams, Turing machines, and languages with only twoformation rules,” CACM., 9, 5(May, 1966), pp. 366-371.5. Codd E. F., E. S. Lowry, E. McDonough, and C. A. Scalzi, “Multiprogramming STRETCH:Feasibility considerations,” CACM., 2, 11(Nov., 1959), pp. 13-17.6. Strachey, C., “Time sharing in large fast computers,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Info. Processing.UNESCO (June, 1959), pp. 336-341. 参见 Codd 在p.341 上的评论, 他汇报了类似于Strachey 论文中所建议工作的进展.- 185 ------------------------ Page 198-----------------------7. Corbato F. J., M. Merwin-Daggett, and R. C. Daley “An experimental time-sharing system,”AFIPS Proc SJCC., 2, (1962), pp. 335-344. 重印于S. Rosen, Programming Systems andLanguages. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, pp. 683- 698.8. Gold, M. M., “A methodology for evaluating time-shared computer system usage,” Ph. D.dissertation. Carngie-Mellon University, 1967, p. 100.9. Gruenberger, F., “Program testing and validating,” Datamation., 14,7 (July, 1968), pp. 39-47.10. Ralston, A., Introduction to Programming and Computer Science. New York: McGraw-Hill,1971. pp. 237-244.11. Brooks F. P., and K. E. Iverson, Automatic Data Processing, System/360 Edition. New York:Wiley, 1969, pp. 296-299.12. 一种良好的规格说明开发和系统构建及测试处理方法由 F. M. Trapnell 提出, “Asystematic approach to the development of system programs,” AFIPS Proc SJCC, 34, (1969),pp. 41-48.13. 实时系统需要环境仿真器. 例子参见M. G. Ginzberg, “Notes on testing real-time systemprograms,” IBM Sys. J., 4, 1(1965), pp. 58-72.14. Lehman, M., and L. Belady, “Programming systems dynamics,” 提出于ACM SIGOPS ThirdSymposium on Operating Systems Priciples, October, 1971.第14 章1. See C. H. Reynolds, “What's wrong with computer programming management?” in G. F.Weinwurm (ed.), On the Management of Comp uter Programming. Philadelphia: Auerbach,1971, pp. 35-42.2. King, W. R., and T. A.Wilson, “Subjective time estimates in critical path planning-apreliminary analysis,” Mgt. Sci., 13, 5(Jan., 1967), pp. 307-320, and sequel, W.R. King, D. M.Witterrongel, K. D. Hezel, “On the analysis of critical path time estimating behavior,” Mgt.Sci., 14,1(Sept., 1967), pp. 79-84.3. 更详细的讨论, 参见 Brooks, F. P., and K. E. Iverson, Automatic Data Processing,System/360 Edition. New York: Wiley, 1969. P. 428-230.4. Private communication.- 186 ------------------------ Page 199-----------------------第15 章1. Goldsteine H. H., and J. von. Neumann, 在为U.S. Army Ordinance Department, 1947; 所提交的报告中“Planning and coding problems for en electronic computing instrument,” Part II,Vol. 1.; 并在J. von. Neumann, “Collected Works,”中重新发表A. H. Taub (ed.). Vol. v.,New York: Macmillan. P. 80-151.2. Private communication, 1957. 该观点在Iverson, K. E., “The use of APL in Teaching,”Yorktown, N.Y.: IBM Corp., 1969 中提出.3. PL/I 的另外一个例子由B. Walter and M. Bohl, 在“From better to best - tips for goodprogramming,” Software Age, 3, 11(Nov., 1969), pp. 46-50 中提出. 相同的技术可以使用在Algol 中, 甚至还有一个 Fortran 格式的程序”STYLE”来达到上述效果. 参见 D. D.McCracken, and G. M. Weinberg, “How to write a readable FORTRAN program,”Datamation, 18, 10(Oct., 1972), pp. 73-77.第16 章1. 提名为"No Silver Bullet"的论文源自于Information Processing 1986, 由H. –J. Kugler(1986)所编辑的the Proceedings of the IFIP Tenth World Computing Conference, pp. 1069-76.在IFIP 和Elsevier Science B. V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands 的获准后重印.2. Parnas, D. L., “Designing software for ease of extension and contraction,” IEEE Trans on SE,5, 2 (March, 1979), pp. 128-138.3. Booch, G., “Object-oriented design,” Software Engineering with Ada. Menlo Park, Calif.:Benjamin/Cummings, 1983.4. Mostow, J., ed., Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering, IEEE Trans.on SE, 11, 11 (Nov., 1985).5. Parnas, D. L., “Software aspects of strategic defense systems,” Communications of the ACM,28, 2 (Dec., 1985), pp. 1326-1335. Also in American Scientist, 73,5 (Sept.-Oct., 1985), pp.432-440.6. Balze , R., “A 15-year perspective on automatic programming,” 在Mostow, 引文中.7. Mostow, 引文.8. Parnas, 1985, 引文.- 187 ------------------------ Page 200-----------------------9. Raeder, G., “A survey of current graphical programming techniques,” in R. B. Grafton and T.Ichikawa, eds., Special Issue on Visual Programming, Computer, 18, 8 (Aug., 1985), pp. 11-25.10. 该题目在本书的第15 章有所讨论.11. Mills, H., “Top-down programming in large systems,” Debugging Techniques in LargeSystems, R. Rustin, ed., Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.12. Boehm, B. W., “A spiral model of software development and enhancement,” Computer, 20, 5(May, 1985), pp. 43-57.第17 章未被引用的材料源自于私下交流.1. Brooks, F. P., “No silver bullet - essence and accidents of software engineering,” inInformation Processing 86, H. J. Kugler ed., Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, (North Holland),1986, pp. 1069-1076.2. Brooks, F. P., “No silver bullet - essence and accidents of software engineering,” Computer,20, 4 (Apr., 1987), pp. 10-19.3. 许多信件和一些回复, 出现在the July, 1987 issue of Computer .非常高兴地看到《没有银弹》没有接受任何大奖, Bruce M. Skwiersky’s 的评论作为Computer Reviews 在 1988 年选出的最佳评论. Е. А. Weiss, “Editorial,” ComputerReviews (June, 1988), pp. 283-284, 均宣布了上述评论的获奖情况和重新提出了Skwiersky 的观点. 该评论有一个重大的错误: “sixfold”应该为“106”.4. “根据经院哲学中亚里士多德提出, 次要(accident)是不属于事物必要或者根本的属性,而是作为其他原因引起的后果. Webster's New International Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage, 2d ed., Springfield, Mass.: G. C. Merriam, 1960.5. Sayers, D. L., The Mind of the Maker. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 194.6. Glass, R. L., and S. A. Conger, “Research software talks: Intellectual or clerical?” Info rmationor Management, 23, 4 (1992). 作者提出关于软件需求的度量结果是80%的智力和20%的书记工作. Fjelstadt and Hamlen, 1979, 对应用软件维护得到了相同的结果. 对于完整的任务而言, 据我所知还没有类似的测量.- 188 ------------------------ Page 201-----------------------7. Herzberg, F., B. Mausner, and B. B. Sayderman. The Motivation to Work, 2nd ed. London:Wiley, 1959.8. Cox, B. J., “There is a silver bullet,” Byte (Oct., 1990), pp. 209-218.9. Harel, D., “Biting the silver bullet: Toward a brighter future for system development,”Computer (Jan., 1992), pp. 8-20.10. Parnas, D. L., “Software aspects of strategic defense systems,” Communication of the ACM,28, 12 (Dec., 1985), pp. 1326-1335.11. Turski, W. M., “And no philosophers' stone, either,” in Information Processing 86, H. J.Kugler ed., Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, North Holland, 1986, pp. 1077-1080.12. Glass, R. L., and S. A. Conger, “Research software tasks: Intellectual or clerical?” Informationand Management, 23, 4 (1992), pp. 183-192.13. Review of Electronic Digital Comp uters, Proceedings of a Joint AIEEIRE Comp uterConference (Philadelphia, Dec. 10-12, 1951). New York: American Institute of ElectricalEngineers. pp. 13-20.14. Ibid., pp. 36, 68, 71, 97.15. Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference, (Washington, Dec. 8-10, 1953). NewYork: Institute of Electrical Engineers. pp. 45-47.16. Proceedings of the 1955 Western Joint Comp uter Conference, (Los Angeles, March 1 -3,1955). NewYork: Institute of Electrical Engineers.17. Everett, R. R., C. A. Zraket, and H. D. Bennington, “SAGE - a data processing system for airdefense,” Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference (Washington, Dec. 11-13,1957). NewYork: Institute of Electrical Engineers.18. Harel D., Lachover H., Haamad A., Pnueli A., Politi M., Sherman R., Shtul-Traurig A.“Statemate: A working environment for the development of complex reactive systems,” IEEETrans. on SE, 16, 4 (1990), pp. 403-444.19. Jones, C., Assessment and Control of Software Risks. Engltwood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall,1994. p. 619.20. Coqui, H., “Corporate survival: The software dimension,” Focus '89, Cannes, 1989.21. Coggins, J. M., “Designing C++ libraries,” C++ Journal. 1, 1 (June, 1990), pp. 25-32.22. 时态是将来时, 我所了解到的是, 没有类似关于第15 次应用的报告.- 189 ------------------------ Page 202-----------------------23. Jones, 引文, p. 604.24. Huang, Weigiao, “Industrializing software production,” Proceedings ACM 1988 Comp uterScience Conference. 1988. Atlanta. 我觉得在类似的安排中, 缺乏个人工作机会的增长.25. 关于重用的整个IEEE Software1994 年9 月期刊.26. Jones, 引文, p. 323.27. Jones, 引文, p. 329.