In giving out the flutes, to, say, wealth.把最好的长笛 分给 出价最高者的人Just giving the best flutes to the people who can pay the highest price,或是 根据出身，分给贵族；or nobility of birth, just giving flutes to aristocrats,或是 根据外表，把最好的长笛分给 相貌最漂亮的，or physical beauty, giving the best flutes to the most handsome,或是 看运气，大家都来抽签or chance, having a lottery.亚里士多德认为， 与吹奏长笛的能力相比，Aristotle says birth and beauty may be greater goods出身和美貌 或许是更大的优点，than the ability to play the flute,那些拥有出身和美貌的人，在这些方面 胜过长笛手，and those who possess them may surpass the flute player more in these qualities可能要比 长笛手胜过他们的吹奏能力 超出得更多than he surpasses them in his flute playing.但事实还是，他是应该得到那只最好长笛的人But the fact remains that he is the person who ought to get the best flute.这个比较，是一种奇怪的比较It's a strange idea, this comparison, by the way,你是否可以说:“ 我比她更帅，胜过that could you say, "Am I more handsome她比我曲棍球打得好?than she is a good lacrosse player?"这是一种奇怪的比较That's a strange kind of comparison.但 暂且不谈这些But putting that aside,亚里士多德认为, 我们不是在正在寻找，各方面都最好的人Aristotle says, we're not looking for the best overall whatever that might mean.我们寻找的只是 最好的乐师We're looking for the best musician.为什么这一点很重要Now, why this is important to see.为什么最好的笛子 该给最好的笛手?Why, should the best flutes go to the best flute players?你们觉得是为什么呢?Well, why do you think?谁来说说?Anybody?什么? 他们会制造出 最好的音乐What? They'll produce the best music.这样 每个人都将享受到更多Well, and everybody will enjoy it more.这并不是亚里士多德的回答That's not Aristotle's answer.亚里士多德并不是个功利主义者Aristotle is not a utilitarian.他不会这么说“这样做，可以产生更好的音乐，而且每个人都可以享用它He's not just saying, that way there'll be better music and everyone will enjoy it,对每个人都有好处everyone will be better off.他的回答是。 最好的笛子给最好的笛手His answer is the best flutes should go to the best flute players因为这就是 笛子存在的目的because that's what flutes are for.被完美的演奏To be played well.演奏长笛的目的 是The purpose of flute playing, the purpose,产生非凡的音乐is to produce excellent music.谁 最能实现这个目标And those who can best perfect that purpose,谁就应该拥有这把笛子ought properly to have the best ones.这或许也是事实：受欢迎的副作用Now, it may also be true, as a welcome side effect.让每个人都享受到这样的音乐That everyone will enjoy listening to that music.因此，就目前而言，这个答案的确不假So that answer is true enough, as far as it goes,但重要之处在于，亚里士多德的理由but it's important to see that Aristotle's并不是一个功利主义的理由reason is not a utilitarian reason.它看的是..It's a reason that looks,你们可能会 觉得这里有点奇怪here's where you might think it's a little bit strange,它看的是 长笛吹奏的目标、目的it looks to the purpose, the point, the goal, of flute playing.另外一种形容的方式是Another way of describing this,根据目标来 决定公正地分配looking to the goal to determine the just allocation,在希腊语里，目标或目的 称作 “泰罗斯（telos）”the Greek for goal or end, was 'telos'.因此，亚里士多德认为，你必须考虑 目标、目的So Aristotle says, you have to consider the point, the end, the goal,看 吹奏长笛的目的the telos of the thing in this case of flute playing.这就是 你确定公平分配的方法And that's how you define a just allocation.公平的差别对待A just discrimination.我们把 依据目标来推理，称为 “泰洛逻辑推理（目的论）”So this idea of reasoning from the goal, from the telos, is called "teleological reasoning".“泰洛逻辑道义推理”Teleological moral reasoning.这就是亚里士多德的方式And that's Aristotle's way.根据目标、目的 来思考Reasoning from the goal, from the end.正如我所说，这或许 是一种奇怪的思想---Now, this may seem, as I said a strange idea,我们要根据目标来 进行推理--that we're supposed to reason from the purpose,但它确实有 某种直观的合理性but it does have a certain intuitive plausibility.说到分配，打个比方，哈佛最好的网球场Consider the allocation, let's say, at Harvard, of the best tennis courts或是壁球场or squash courts.它们该被怎样分配呢？How should they be allocated?谁应该 优先占有最好的球场呢？Who should have priority in playing on the best courts?你或许会说Well, you might say,“谁付得起，就谁用”"Those who can best afford them."安装一套收费系统，向他们收费Set up a fee system, charge money for them.亚里士多德会说： “不”Aristotle would say "No".你可能会说You might say,“好吧，哈佛的大人物，在哈佛最有影响力的人”"Well, Harvard big shots, the most influential people at Harvard,“这些人会是谁？”who would they be"?高级教员应当优先The senior faculty should have priority使用最好的网球场in playing on the best tennis courts.不，亚里士多德 会反对这样No, Aristotle would reject that.科学家可能更有学术前途，胜过 大学校队网球选手网球打得更好，Some scientist may be a greater scientist than some Varsity tennis player is a tennis player,但网球选手仍然是but still the tennis player is the one应当优先使用 最好的网球场的人who should have priority for playing in the best tennis court.这是一种看上去 直观合理的解释There is a certain intuitive plausibility to this idea.但让它显得奇怪的是Now, one of the things that makes it strange在亚里士多德的世界里，在那个古老的世界里is that in Aristotle's world, in the ancient world,在亚里士多德看来，根据目的论推理和解释，不是管理社会活动的唯一方式it wasn't only social practices that were governed, in Aristotle's view, by teleological reasoning and teleological explanation.万物都被理解为一种 有意义的秩序All of nature was understood to be a meaningful order理解自然，掌握自然，and what it meant to understand nature, to grasp nature,找出我们在自然中的位置，to find our place in nature,就是去调查，并找出自然的目的was to inquire into and read out the purposes or the telos, of nature.但随着现代科学的出现，很难再用 这种方式来思考世界And with the advent of modern science, it's been difficult to think of the world that way因此，用目的论的方式 来思考正义，就更困难了and so it makes it harder perhaps to think of justice in a teleological way,但 这里有某种自然性，but there is a certain naturalness把自然界 看作有目的秩序，看作一个大目标。to thinking about even the natural world, as teleologically ordered, as a purpose of whole.实际上，我们得 教育孩子 用这种方式来看世界In fact, children have to be educated out of this way of looking at the world.我意识到这个问题的时候，我的孩子们都还很小I realized this when my kids were very young当时我正在给他们读一本书 《Winnie the Poo》and I was reading them a book, Winnie the Poo.《Winnie the Poo》会告诉你And Winnie the Poo gives you a great idea of怎样以一种自然的、孩子般的方式，以目的论的方式，来看世界。how there is a certain, natural, childlike way of looking at the world in a teleological way.你或许会记得，里面有这样一个故事You may remember a story of Winnie-the-Poo某天，Winnie-the-Poo在森林中散步walking in the forest one day,“他来到森林里的某个地方"He came to a place in the forest,树顶上 传来了响亮的吱吱声音and from the top of the tree there came a loud buzzing-noise.Winnie-the-Poo坐在一棵树下，用双爪抱住头Winnie-the-Poo sat at the foot of a tree, put his head between his paws,开始思考”and began to think."下面是他的自言自语： "那种吱吱声意味着某些东西Here's what he said to himself, " 'That buzzing-noise means something.你不可能听到 那样一种You don't get a buzzing-noise like that毫无意义的吱吱、吱吱的声音just buzzing and buzzing without its meaning something.如果有这种声音的话If there's a buzzing-noise,一定是 某人发出这种声音somebody's making a buzzing-noise.而且，据我所知，发出这种声音的唯一理由是And the only reason for making a buzzing-noise that I know of,是因为那里有一只蜜蜂is because you're a bee.'然后，他又思索了很长一段时间， 然后说道Then he thought for another long time and said,据我所知，这里会有蜜蜂的唯一理由是'And the only reason for being a bee that I know of,它们在酿蜜is making honey.'然后他爬了上去And then he got up,并且说 它们酿蜜的唯一理由是 让我可以尝到蜂蜜and he said, 'And the only reason for making honey, is so I can eat it.'因此他开始 爬这棵树So he began to climb the tree."这就是目的论推理的一个例子This is an example of teleological reasoning.目的论推理 也并非 那么的不合情理的It isn't so implausible after all.现在，我们长大了， 我们不再以这种方式Now, we grew up, and we're talked out of this way来思考世界of thinking about the world.但问题在于But here's the question,即便是 目的论的解释 不适用于现代科学，even if teleological explanations don't fit with modern science,即便我们已经长大了，已经不适合 用这种方式来理解自然了。even if we've outgrown them in understanding nature,亚里士多德认为的----思考正义唯一的方式是，根据社会实践的目的和目标来推理，Isn't there something still intuitively, and morally plausible, even powerful, about Aristotle's idea that它是否还有一些 直观有理、甚至有说服力的地方呢？the only way to think about justice is to reason from the purpose, the goal, the telos, of the social practice?刚才我们在讨论“平权运动” 意见不一时，我们不正是这样做吗？And isn't that precisely what we were doing when we were disagreeing about affirmative action?你几乎可以把刚才的意见不一，You can almost recast that disagreement看作是在讨论 大学教育的目标应该是什么as one about what the proper appropriate purpose, or end of a university education consists in.从目的推理，或者说从“泰罗斯”出发进行推理。Reasoning from the purpose or from the telos. Or from the end.亚里士多德认为，在思考正义时，这是不可缺少的。Aristotle says that's indispensable to thinking about justice.他的想法对吗？Is he right?当你阅读亚里士多德的政治学时，思考这个问题Think about that question as you turn to Aristotle's politics.欢迎在本字幕的基础上，再次修改。 为大家提供更好的翻译版本。中英文双语字幕下载：射手网 shooter.cn英文字幕：http://forum-network.orgxiaolai中文字幕：commondata校对：何_何欢迎加入 译言网InPsy 翻译组http://pro.yeeyan.org/InPsy?1好公民THE GOOD CITIZEN我们来讨论亚里士多德,We turn to Aristotle在讨论了