好吧 关于努力Alright, effort.你知道...You've got...我知道得很少 很少一部分 但是差不多就这些了I've got a few. I've got a few. But that's about it.关于努力 你知道Rawls对此的回答是什么吗?Effort, you know what Rawls's answer to that is?即使是一些人所付出的努力Even the effort that some people expend,奋斗精神 职业道德conscientious striving, the work ethic,即使是努力本身 很大程度上也依赖于幸运的家庭环境even effort depends a lot on fortunate family circumstances.无论是你 还是我们 都不敢妄自邀功For which you, we, can claim no credit.让我们来做个调查吧 一个小调查Let's do the test. Let's do a test here.不要考虑经济阶层的问题 那些差异是很明显的Never mind economic class, those differences are very significant.把它们放在一边Put those aside.心理学家认为 出生顺序对于职业道德 奋斗 努力Psychologists say that birth order makes a lot of difference有着非常重要的作用in work ethic, striving, effort.这里有多少同学 请举手How many here, raise your hand,在座的各位 哪些同学的出生顺序是在前的those of you here, who are first in birth order.顺便说一句我也是I am too by the way.Mike 我看到你举了手Mike, I noticed you raised your hand.如果精英制度的理念就是If the case for the meritocratic conception付出应该得到回报is that effort should be rewarded,那么Rawls为什么没有提出一个观点 认为即使努力doesn't Rawls have a point that even effort奋斗 职业道德的塑造 都很大程度上取决于出生顺序的先后?striving, work ethic is largely shaped even by birth order?这是你们能决定的吗?Is it your doing?Mike 你能决定你是否能最先出生吗?Mike, is it your doing that you were first in birth order?为什么呢 Rawls说 当然不能Then why, Rawls says, of course not.那么 为什么生活中的收入 财富和机会So why should income and wealth and opportunities in life应该建立在道德观念的武断性上呢be based on factors arbitrary from a moral point of view?那就是他向当今自由市场社会That's the challenge that he puts提出的挑战 同样也是对to market societies, but also像我们一样待在教室里的人的挑战to those of us at places like this.这个问题我们下节课再继续讨论A question to think about for next time.“密纳法的猫头鹰 要等到黄昏，才会起飞”——黑格尔The owl of Minerva spreads its wings only with the falling of the dusk. ---Hegel“密纳法的猫头鹰”：希腊神话中智慧女神密纳法肩上的猫头鹰，是智慧和理性的体现。猫头鹰的一个特点是在黄昏起飞。黑格尔借这个譬喻说明“哲学的认识方式只是一种反思——意指跟随在事实背后后面的反复思考。”上节课 我们做了一个有趣的民意测验 大家还记得吗?We ended last time with that remarkable poll, do you remember?关于出生顺序的民意测验The poll about birth order.有多少百分比的同学What percentage of people在这个教室里举起了手in this room raised their hands,说自己是最先出生的?was it, to say that they were the first born?75%或80%?75, 80 percent?这项数据的重要之处在哪里呢?And what was the significance of that?如果你在认真思考这些关于公平分配的理论If you're thinking about these theories of distributive justice.记住 我们是在讨论Remember, we were discussing三种不同的关于分配公平的理论three different theories of distributive justice.三种不同的针对以下问题的答案Three different ways of answering the question,"如何在生活中分配财富 机会"How should income and wealth and opportunities和其他一切美好的事物?"and the good things in life, be distributed?"到目前为止 我们看到了自由主义的答案And so far we've looked at the libertarian answer.它主张 分配所需的公平制度That says, the just system of distribution是一种可以保证自由贸易和自由市场经济的制度is a system of free exchange, a free market economy.这与形式平等的大背景相背离Against a background of formal equality.简单地说 就是工作和事业向所有人开放Which simply means, that jobs and careers are open to anyone.Rawls称 与贵族制度和等级制度相比Rawls says that this represents an improvement这代表着一次巨大的进步over aristocratic and caste systems,因为每个人都能竞争上岗because everyone can compete for every job.前途向有才能的人开放Careers open to talents.除此之外 要求分配公平也是And beyond that, the just distribution is the one自由贸易发展的结果之一that results from free exchange.自愿交易Voluntary transactions.分毫不差No more, no less.可是Rawls反对说 如果你拥有的只是形式主义的平等Then Rawls argues, if all you have is formal equality,比如工作向所有人开放jobs open to everyone,其结果也不会是公平的the result is not going to be fair.这只会有利于那些碰巧出生在It will be biased in favor of those who happen to be born富裕的家庭to affluent families,碰巧得益于良好的教育机会的人who happen to have the benefit of good educational opportunities.那样的话 出生的造化And that accident of birth就不仅仅只是分配人生机会的基本原则了is not a just basis for distributing life chances.所以 许多注意到这个不公平现象的人And so, many people who notice this unfairness,Rawls认为 重新采用了一种机会均等的分配体制Rawls argues, are lead to embrace a system of fair equality of opportunity.精英制度体系由此而建立That leads to the meritocratic system.强调机会均等Fair equality of opportunity.但是Rawls认为 如果你让每个人But Rawls says, even if you bring everyone都站在同一起跑线上to the same starting point in the race,将会发生什么? 谁才会是赢家?what's going to happen? Who's going to win?跑得最快的人The fastest runners.所以一旦你困扰于如何将分配份额So once you're troubled by basing distributive shares建立在道德武断性的突发事件上on morally arbitrary contingencies,你就应该 如果你已探究过的话you should, if you reason it through,坚决支持Ralws所提出的"民主构想"be carried all the way to what Rawls calls, "the democratic conception".一个以差异原则为基础的 平等主义色彩更为浓厚的A more egalitarian conception of distributive justice关于分配公平的构想that he defines by the difference principle.不过 他并没有提到 弥补或者改善Now, he doesn't say that the only way to remedy人们天生的才干与能力差异的唯一方法or to compensate for differences in natural talents and abilities就是追求某种 水平上的平等is to have a kind of, leveling equality.一个有保障的 结果的平等A guaranteed equality of outcome.但是他却认为But he does say还有另外一种方法可以处理这些突发事件there's another way to deal with these contingencies.人们可以从他们的好运中获得好处People may gain, may benefit from their good fortune,但条件是必须兼顾公平 帮助那些最不富裕的人but only on terms that work to the advantage of the least well off.因此 通过对当今社会出现的工资水平差异的思考And so, we can test how this theory actually works我们也许可以检验出这个理论的提出by thinking about some paid differentials that arise到底意义何在in our society.你们认为 美国学校教师的What does the average school teacher make平均工资是多少?in the United States, do you suppose?- 粗略估算 - 3万5千美元- Roughly. - $35,000.更多一些 是4万 4万2千美元It's a little more, 40, $42,000.David Letterman(著名脱口秀主持人)呢?What about David Letterman?你们认为David Letterman的工资是多少?How much do you think David Letterman makes?比一名学校教师更多吗?More than a school teacher?他的工资是3100万美元$31 million. David Letterman.那公平吗?Is that fair?一名主持人比一名教师的工资还高?That David Letterman makes that much more than a school teacher?Rawls的解读是Well, Rawls's answer would be,这取决于社会的基本结构是否以下列方式构成it depends whether the basic structure of society is designed in such a way即Letterman的3100万美元所交的税款that Letterman's $31 million is subject to taxation将这些款项的一部分用来so that some of those earnings are taken补偿最贫困的人的缺失to work for the advantage of the least well off.另一个关于工资差异的例子One other example of a paid differential.美国联邦最高法院的公平问题A justice of the United States Supreme Court.他们的工资是多少?What do they make?不足20万美元It's just under $200,000.我们以桑德拉·奥康纳法官为例 这是她的工资Here's Sandra Day O'Connor, for example. There she is.但是还有另外一位法官 她的工资远远超过But there's another judge who makes a lot more桑德拉·奥康纳法官than Sandra Day O'Connor.- 你们知道她是谁吗? - 法官朱蒂- Do you know who it is? - Judge Judy.Judy法官 你们怎么知道的?Judge Judy. How did you know that?你们看见了?You watch?没错You're right.Judy法官 你们知道她的工资是多少吗?Judge Judy, you know how much she makes?这是她的工资There she is.2500万美元$25 million.那么 那公平吗? 公正吗?Now, is that just? Is it fair?答案是 公正与否 取决于它是否Well, the answer is, it depends on whether违背了与差异原则相适应的this is against a background system后台管理系统的原则in line with the difference principle.取决于这些出类拔萃的人 所得收入和财富的分配Where those who come out on top, in terms of是否遵循着同一分配原则income and wealth are taxed in a way即兼顾公平 帮助社会中最不富裕的人that benefits the least well off members of society.现在 让我们回到这个Now, we're going to come back薪酬差异的问题上来 关于一位真正的法官to these wage differentials, pay differentials,和一位电视法官工资差异between a real judge and a TV judge.Marcus可一直在看这个电视节目The one Marcus watches all the time.现在我要做的 就是回到这些理论上来What I want to do now, is return to these theories检验一下那些因反对Rawls提出的and to examine the objections to