这是一门关于什么公正的课程。我们先讲一个故事This is a course about justice. We begin with a story.设想你是一位电车司机Suppose you're the driver of a trolley car你的电车正已每小时60英里行驶Your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 Mph.你发现，在车轨的尽头有5位工人在那里干活At the end of the track, you notice five workers are working on the track.你想尽办法停下来，但已经停不住了You try to stop, but you can't你的手刹不灵了your brakes don't work你感到十分绝望，因为你知道You feel desperate, because you know如果你撞向这5位工人if you crash into these five workers他们必死无疑they will all die你很快会就知道but to soon you know that's for sure你不知道该怎么办好so you feel helpless直到你发现until you notice, there is在电轨的尽头，刚好有一条分叉off to the right, a side track在电轨的尽头，刚好有一条分叉at the end of that track而在那条分叉路上，只有1位工人There's a worker working on the track你的方向盘还没有失灵your steering wheel works所以你可以选择把电车拐向那条分叉路so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track撞向1位工人，但救活了另外那5位killing the one, but sparing the five现在我要问第一个问题Here's our first question?什么是我们应该什么做？what's the right thing to do你会怎么做？what would you do?让我们来做一次投票Let's take a poll多少人会选择转入拐向那条分叉路How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track举起你的手Raise your hands有多少人选择一直往前开的？How many wouldn't? How many would go straight ahead极少数人会。绝大部份选择了变方向A handful of people would. A vast majority would turn让我们先听听。现在我们需要研究你这样做的原因Let's hear first. Now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think让我们先听听占多数的人is the right thing to do. Let's begin with those in the majority有谁选择转向一边岔道的？Who would turn to go onto the side track为什么你会这么做？你的原因是什么？Why would you do it? Would would be your reason?谁愿意说说你的想法？Who is willing to volunteer a reason?如果你可以只撞死一人，那么撞死5人肯定是不对的Because it cann't be right to kill five people when you could only kill one person instead如果你可以只撞死一人，那么撞死5人肯定是不对的it wouldn't be right to kill five if you could only kill one person instead这是一个很好的理由That's a good reason还有谁？是否有人同意这个想法，原因是什么？Who else? Does anybody agree with that reason?我认为这和 9/11日事件是同样的道理I think it's the same reason on the 9/11我们把那些，把飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚州空地的人，视作英雄we regard the people who flew the plane into Pennsylvania field as heros因为他们选择了牺牲飞机上的人，而不是撞向有人的大厦because they chose to kill the people on the plane, and not kill more people in the building因此，原则是相同的，虽然都是发生在悲剧的情况下So the principle there is the same as 9/11 to tragic circumstance为了5个人能活下来，牺牲一个人 也是值得的Better to kill one so that five can live占多数人的你们，也是这样吗想吗？Is that the reason most of you have those will turn?现在让我们来听听 那些少数分子Let's hear now from those in the minority, those wouldn't turn我认为这跟种族灭族主义、极权主义，是同一个手法I think that's the same type of mentality that justify genocide and totalitarianism为了救活一个种族，你就能杀害其他人in order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other那么，在这种情况下你会怎么办？So what would you do in this case?为了避免 作出像种族灭绝一样的做法To avoid the horror of genocide你就宁愿撞向那5个工人you would crash into the five and kill them理论上是这样Presumedly yes好的。还有谁？这是一个大胆的想法。谢谢您Ok. Who else? That's a brave answer. Thank you让我们考虑另外一种情况Let's consider another trolley car case看看你们这些占多数的and see whether those of you in the majority为什么在这种情况下，你的原则是牺牲一人来救活5人why would here to the principle, better one should die so that five should live现在，你不是电车司机，你只是一个旁观者This time you're not the driver of the trolley car, you're an onlooker你站在桥上，俯瞰电车的电轨You're standing on a bridge, overlooking a trolley car track沿着这个轨道，在尽头有5名工人down the track come the trolley car. At the end of the track are five workers.电车的手刹照样不灵了the brakes don't work电车快要撞向那5个工人the trolley car is about to careen into the five and kill them现在你不是司机and now you're not the driver你真的感到无助you really feel helpless突然，你看见 站在你旁边until you notice standing next to you桥上还是一个非常胖的人leaning over the bridge is a very fat man你可以推他一把and you could give him a shove他会掉到轨道上he would fall over the bridge onto the track刚好能停住那辆电车right in the way of the trolley car他会死去，但他能救活其他5个人he would die but he would spare the five现在，有多少人会推那个胖子。举起你的手now how many would push the fat man over the bridge. Raise your hands有多少不会这么做？大部分人都不会How many wouldn't? Most people wouldn't问题显而易见Here's the obvious question你每次的选择，原则是什么？What became of the principle?牺牲一个，救活更多人Better to save five lives even if it means to sacrifice one在第一种情况几乎每个人都赞同，原因何在？What became of the principle that almost everyone endorse in the first case我要听听，在两种情况下都是站在大多数的人一边的人I need to hear from someone who's in the majority in both cases你如何解释二者之间的区别How do you explain the differences between the two在第二种情况下，我认为涉及 选择的问题The second one I guess involves an act of choice of pushing the person down那个胖子原本不牵涉到这宗事故里That person himself would otherwise not have been involved in the situation at at all我觉得，第二种情况比第一种情况To choose on his behalf, I guess, involve him in something that那个胖子可以选择置身其外he otherwise would escape, I guess, is more than in what you have in the first case但在第一种情况，司机，两边的工人的已经牵涉到里面where the three parties, the driver, the two sets of workers are already in the situation但是，那个在岔道上的家伙But the guy working on the track off the side他不会比那个胖子，更想牺牲自己吧？he didn't choose to sacrifice his life any more than the fat man did, did he?这是事实。但他在岔道上That's true. But he's on the track胖子也是在桥上啊This guy is on the bridge你可以继续，也可以待会儿再说Go ahead. You can come back if you want.好的。这是个难题。你已经做得很好了All right. It's a hard question. You did very well还有谁可以找到能调和的前后两种不同做法的？Who else can find a way of reconciling the reaction in the majority in these two cases我想在第一种情况，我们必须在牺牲那1个工人或另外5个之间的选择I guess, in the first case we have the one worker and the five我们必须作出的选择It's choice between those two. And you've to make certain choice那些工人是死于那驾电车，而不是你的直接行为people are gonna die because of the trolley car, not necessarily because of your direct action电车失控了，然后你才闭着你选择the trolley car is run away and then you're making a split second choice而推胖子的话，是你自愿的选择whereas pushing the fat man over is an actualized murder on your part你有能力选择推还是不推，但你没办法控制的电车不撞向大家you've control over that whereas you may not control over the trolley car所以我认为两者略有不同so I think it's slightly different situation好的。谁想回应他的想法？这很好。All right. Who has a reply? That's good.谁想回应？是否有更好的解释？Who want to reply? Is there a way out of this?我不认为这是一个很好的理由`I don't think that's a very good reason`在这两种情况下，你都是选择杀人In either way you've to choose you die因为前者你选择拐向那个岔道上的工人，这是你有意识的行为because you either choose to turn and kill a person which is an act of conscious thought to turn后者，你去推胖子也是一种有意的行为or you choose to push the fat man over which is also an act of conscious action所以不管怎样，都是有意的行为so either way you're making a choice你想回应？Do you want to reply?我不是肯定，事实就是这样I'm not really sure that's the case这看来是不同的It's just seem kind of different to act actually推胖子到电轨上，他会死pushing someone over on the track and killing him你是在杀死他you're actually killing him yourself你是在亲手杀死他you're pushing him in your own hands这有别于把电车转向，然后再撞死其他人That's different from steering something that's gonna to cause death into other这好像听起来不对，是吧？It dosen't really sound right.这很好。你叫什么名字？That's good. What's your name?Andrew让我问你一个问题，AndrewLet me ask you this quesiton, Andrew假设在桥上，我不用推那个胖子Suppose standing on the bridge next to the fat man I didn't have to push him假设他是站在了一个陷阱上，我可以像转方向盘那样打开那个陷阱suppose he was standing over a trap that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that不知道为什么，这样做似乎跟不对So some reasons, that just seems more wrong我的意思是，也许你不小心推动了那个陷阱的方向盘I mean maybe if you accidentally like lean into this steering wheel或者是其他原因，就发生了there's something like that又或者，电车阴差阳错地就拐向那条岔道了or say that the car isn't hurtling towards a switch or drop the track我可能就认同了that I could I agree with that好的。在第一种情况是正确的做法，在第二种情况就变成不对的了Fair enough. It's still seem wrong in a way it doesn't seem wrong in the first case to turn而且，在第一种情况下，你直接牵涉到事故In another way, in the first situation you're involved directly with the situation在第二个，你是一个旁观者也。In the second one, you're an onlooker as well.所以你可以有选择卷入或不去推胖子So you can have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man让我们暂时搁下这个故事Let's just forget a moment about this case让我们想象另外一个的情形Let's imagine a different case这时候，你是急诊室的医生，6位病人来找你This time you're a doctor in a emergency room. Six patients come to you他们刚刚经历了一场电车交通事故They've been in a terrible trolley car wrack其中5人中度受伤，1人重伤Five of them were moderately injured and one was severely injured你可以花一整天来照顾那位重伤病人You could spend all day caring for the one severely injured victim但这样的话，其他5个会死去but in that time the five would die或者你可以先照顾好那5位，再来看那位重伤病人or you could look after the five restore then to help但那位重伤病人也会死去but during that time the severely injured person would die现在你是医生，有多少人选择先就那5个病人？How many would save the five? Now is the doctor又有多少人选择先救那位重伤者How many would save the one?极少数人。只有极少数人Very few people. Just a handful of people我假设你们的原因跟之前的一样。1条生命对5条