非比程度,而是一种“类比”,即作者担心,离愁之于人,犹如风霜对黄花的侵袭,伉俪暌违给主人公带来的体损神伤,就像东篱初开的黄花将在肃杀的秋风中枯萎一样。这样一来,作者所要表达的身世之感与悲秋、离愁的题面,既浑然划一,不露痕迹,又不落窠臼,具有新意。在身世词中,有几首的基调格外悲苦,比如《凤凰台上忆吹箫》的“多少事,欲说还休。新来瘦,非干病酒,不是悲秋”和《蝶恋花》的“人道山长山又断,萧萧微雨闻孤馆”等等,仿佛有一种难言之隐,其中《声声慢》一词更使人感到悲苦至极。此词中的“晓来风急”,今本多误作“晚来风急”,词旨也被误解为表达丧夫之悲和亡国之痛。实际此词应作于北宋末年,词旨正如梁启超在《艺蘅馆词选》的批语中所云:“写从早到晚一天的实感。那种茕独凄惶的景况,非本人不能领略,所以一字一泪,都是咬着牙根咽下。”“晓来风急”一句中隐含着《诗经·终风》的旨意,词人借以诉说自己也像春秋时卫庄姜一样,有着难言的“被疏无嗣”的苦衷。她若有所失地寻觅和等待的是良人——丈夫。四、格调凄凉的晚境词。李清照个人命运的分野,主要不是1127年北宋的灭亡,而是三年后赵明诚的去世。这以后词的格调和内容都发生了较明显的变化。《渔家傲·记梦》体现了词风的转变,作者以浪漫的笔法抒发奇志壮采、诉说走投无路的苦闷和以“三山”为双关语表达对仙境(实际是人间乐土)的向往。内容的显著变化除写了《南歌子》、《孤雁儿》等悼亡词和表达嫠妇心态的《武陵春》等词以外,主要地表现在作者把属于个人的感情逐步扩大和转移到对江山社稷的关注上,《永遇乐·元宵》词是这方面的典型代表。在古代对《漱玉词》的评价曾有霄壤之别。褒美者云“词尤婉丽,往往出人意表,近未见其比”(《萍洲可谈》卷中)、“小词多脍炙人口”等等;憎之者可以王灼为代表,他在《碧鸡漫志》卷二中说,李清照的词比历来被看做“侧词艳曲”者更不可取。与这两种较极端的看法不同的是李调元的见解:“易安在宋诸媛中,自卓然一家,不在秦七、黄九之下。词无一首不工,其炼处可夺梦窗之席,其丽处直参片玉之班。盖不徒俯视巾帼,直欲压倒须眉”(《雨村词话》卷三)。这是说李清照的词自成一家,不在秦观、黄庭坚之下。它的凝练超出吴文英,它的清丽可与周邦彦的《片玉词》媲美。她不仅在女子中首屈一指,甚至可以说超过了堂堂的男子汉。这一见解代表了历代绝大多数对《漱玉词》的中肯评价。与词创作密不可分的是,李清照还写过一篇重要的理论著作——《词论》。此篇原题无考。目前所见第一位著录此文的是南宋胡仔,其在《茗溪渔隐丛话》后集卷三十三《晁无咎》条中引及此文时,称“李易安评”,未提引自何处,且似节录,疑非完篇,《词论》之名系后人所谓。因在《词论》现存文字中,未曾涉及南宋词坛,所以此文该是南渡前所作。这篇只有五百六十来字的短文,扼要地论述了词的起源和发展,提出了词“别是一家”之说,为区分诗词之别立下了界石,特别强调了词之为体的合乐特点和文学上的要求,是一篇极富独创性的词学专论,在词史上有着极为重要的地位。李清照一生著作甚丰,生前即有所刊刻行世。其诗文集见于著录和记载的名称卷帙不一,如《郡斋读书志》卷四下和《世善堂藏书目录》均谓《李易安集》十二卷,而《宋史·艺文志》则谓《易安居士文集》七卷;她的词集在古代被称为《漱玉集》、《易安词》,并有一、三、五、六卷不等。以上诗文及词集约在明末清初时散佚,现存李作均为辑本。作为本书的“前言”,上述文字恐已超出预想篇幅,搦管之劳、击键之声亦可暂休,但还有几句心里话却不吐不快——回首自己关于李清照的“编著”,按字数计算已过“百万”,但筚路蓝缕之路是由他人开创的。在李清照研究的漫长道路上,至少有两个人的名字,笔者已铭戢深心,这就是:王学初和黄盛璋!我是读着二位的论著走上《漱玉集》的研究之路的,比如,表面看是我自己对李清照及其著作有一系列新解和心解,但其中有不少都是在黄、王二位著作启迪下生发的灵感,这在本书中不时可见,兹不赘述。陈祖美完稿于2004年4月24日目 录总序·················································································叶嘉莹(1)前言·················································································陈祖美(1)如梦令(尝记溪亭日暮)··························································(1)双调忆王孙(湖上风来波浩渺)··············································(5)如梦令(昨夜雨疏风骤)··························································(8)浣溪沙(小院闲窗春色深)····················································(14)浣溪沙(淡荡春光寒食天)····················································(17)浣溪沙(髻子伤春慵更梳)····················································(21)浣溪沙(莫许杯深琥珀浓)····················································(24)点绛唇(蹴罢秋千)·······························································(28)渔家傲(雪里已知春信至)····················································(32)庆清朝(禁幄低张)·······························································(36)鹧鸪天(暗淡轻黄体性柔)····················································(40)减字木兰花(卖花担上)························································(44)瑞鹧鸪(风韵雍容未甚都)····················································(48)一剪梅(红藕香残玉簟秋)····················································(50)醉花阴(薄雾浓云愁永昼)····················································(56)玉楼春(红酥肯放琼苞碎)····················································(62)行香子(草际鸣蛩)·······························································(66)小重山(春到长门春草青)····················································(71)满庭芳(小阁藏春)·······························································(75)多 丽(小楼寒)···································································(81)新荷叶(薄露初零)·······························································(86)凤凰台上忆吹箫(香冷金猊)················································(90)念奴娇(萧条庭院)·······························································(96)点绛唇(寂寞深闺)·····························································(103)声声慢(寻寻觅觅)·····························································(108)蝶恋花(暖雨晴风初破冻)··················································(122)蝶恋花(泪湿罗衣脂粉满)··················································(126)蝶恋花(永夜恹恹欢意少)··················································(133)临江仙(云窗雾阁常扃)······················································(139)临江仙(云窗雾阁春迟)······················································(144)诉衷情(夜来沉醉卸妆迟)··················································(148)鹧鸪天(寒日萧萧上琐窗)··················································(154)菩萨蛮(归鸿声断残云碧)··················································(159)菩萨蛮(风柔日薄春犹早)··················································(163)南歌子(天上星河转)·························································(168)忆秦娥(临高阁)·································································(174)渔家傲(天接云涛连晓雾)··················································(179)好事近(风定落花深)·························································(187)摊破浣溪沙(病起萧萧两鬓华)··········································(192)摊破浣溪沙(揉破黄金万点轻)··········································(198)武陵春(风住尘香花已尽)··················································(205)转调满庭芳(芳草池塘)······················································(215)清平乐(年年雪里)·····························································(219)孤雁儿(藤床纸帐朝眠起)··················································(226)长寿乐(微寒应候)·····························································(234)永遇乐(落日熔金)·····························································(239)添字丑奴儿(窗前谁种芭蕉树)··········································(251)附录一、南宋以来所裒集整理的李清照词集······························(261)二、“五四”以来李清照研究的重要论著····························(263)三、1949年以来李清照研究的主要论著·····························(264)如梦令①尝记溪亭日暮②,沉醉不知归路。兴尽晚回舟,误入藕花深处③。争渡,争渡④,惊起一滩鸥鹭⑤。【注释】①如梦令:作为词调,其原名《忆仙姿》。苏轼《如梦令》(水垢何曾相受)一词注云:“此曲本唐庄宗制,名《忆仙姿》,嫌其名不雅,故改为《如梦令》。盖庄宗作此词,卒章云‘如梦,如梦,和泪出门相送’,因取以为名云。”②溪亭:一说此系济南七十二名泉之一,位于大明湖畔;二说泛指溪边亭阁;三说确指一处叫做“溪亭”的地名(因苏辙在济南时写有《题徐正权秀才城西溪亭》诗);四说系词人原籍章丘明水附近的一处游憩之所,其方位当在历史名山华不注之阳。因为“历城北二里有莲子湖,周环二十里。湖中多莲花,红绿间明,乍疑濯锦。又渔船掩映,罟罾疏布。远望之者,若珠网浮杯也”(段成式《酉阳杂姐》前集卷十一)。大约在李清照十五岁时,按照相传的风俗,用簪束发叫“上头”。“上头”日要选在天气和暖之时,以便外出游乐。“婉娩新上头,湔裙出乐游”(梁简文帝《和人渡水诗》)。禀性极喜烟霞游乐的女词人,其终生记忆犹新的这次溪亭之游,或许正是上述古老风俗的沿袭,亦当是她从故乡湖山佳境中,所汲取的最初的创作素材。③藕花:荷花。以上四句意近“访渎搜渠”的郦道元的“日暮倒载归,酩酊无所知”(《水经注·沔水》)之句。④争渡:即“怎渡”的意思,慌忙划船,夺路急归,从而打破天籁宁静,惊起荷丛深处之栖息水鸟。⑤鸥鹭:泛指水鸟。【讲解】此词起拍之“尝记”二字,表明词非当时当地所作。作者十八岁之前到汴京,二十四岁时,翁舅赵挺之被罢相,不久她便随丈夫赵明诚“屏居乡里十年”,离开京城到了青州,也离开了与她有诗词唱和之谊的前辈晁补之、张耒等人。赵明诚是金石学家,“屏居”初年,李清照的创作雅兴,一度转移到与丈夫共同搜集、整理、勘校金石书籍方面。所以此词当是作者结婚前后,居汴京时,回忆故乡往事而写成的,也就是词人十六七岁至二十三四岁之间的作品。细审作者行实,此词大致可系于她十六岁(宋哲宗元符二年,1099年)之时,是时她来到汴京不久,此词亦当是她的处女之作。其初试词笔,便出手不凡。此作竟被有些版本当做苏轼、吕洞宾等大家、名流之手笔。这再生动不过地说明,词人及此作堪与“须眉”、仙人相匹敌。这首也被题作“酒兴”的记游词,在一些古人的眼中被视为带有仙气的豪迈之什,今天则可称它为极具逸兴壮采。能够写出如此豪放之作的李清照,人称“易安倜傥,有丈夫气,乃闺阁中之苏(轼)、辛(弃疾),非秦(观)、柳(永)也”(沈曾植《菌阁琐谈》,《词话丛编》第3605页)。李清照惟其有丈夫之气、文士之豪,其词风总的属婉约派,但在她现存的全部词作中,不仅没有那种“雌男儿”笔下的脂粉气,有些还可以划入豪放之列。这其中除了《渔家傲》(天接云涛)之外,一些写山川风物的词,有的也与这首《如梦令》相仿佛,也是词人豪情逸兴的写照。这首只有三十三字一气呵成的小令,其景象非常开阔,情辞极其酣畅。作品的这种豪迈气度,固然与作者的气质有关,但是气质也不完全是天生的。壮阔的齐鲁山川,珍珠般翻滚的故乡明水、数不清的活水甘泉,为词人提供了驰骋豪兴遐想的前提,涵育了她的胸襟怀抱。李清照那种独有的投身大自然、钟情于山水风物的童心和志趣,与其壮怀激越的作品,在一定意义上是相通的。通过这首小令,还可以获得对词人思想性格的更为全面的认识:即使她的早期作品,也不都是表达所谓怜花惜春的闺情。她的生活视野,有时也在闺房以外,当她的小舟驶入“藕花深处”时,也会像“惊起一滩鸥鹭”一样,给当时的词坛带来一股清风。事实上,李清照有一些体物、记游、抒怀词,不论就题材的选择,还是由此所表现出来的艺术特色,都给人耳目一新之感,被口碑相传为“独树一帜”(陈廷焯《白雨斋词话》卷六,《词话丛编》第3909页)。此词的另一主要特色是语言的明白如话,可以说一读就懂,却又有令人百读不厌的魅力。由这首词所体现的“易安体”的基本特征,似可归纳为:它创造了一种比人籁更进一步的天籁境界,也就是不事雕琢,得自然之趣。人籁、天籁,原是《庄子·齐物论》的用语,前者指由人口吹奏管龠发出的声音,后者是指自然界的音响。你看,天黑下来了,人也沉醉了。当小舟在黑暗中漂离航道,误入荷丛时,在万籁俱寂而又空阔的水面上,猛然听到一群水鸟扑棱棱,惊飞四散。刹那惊悸之馀,又会令人感到多么欣喜有趣,以至事隔经年,还深印在这位游赏者的记忆之中。到了京城,又被类似的美景所感发,兴文成篇,为后人留下了这一别具一格的、豪迈倜傥的令词。【辑评】一、王学初《李清照集校注》卷一:此首别见杨金本《草堂诗馀》前集卷上,误作苏轼词;《词林万选》卷四,误作无名氏词,注“或作李易安。”(《词林万选》所注或作某某,殆为毛晋所加,非杨慎原文。)又见《汇选历代名贤词府全集》卷一、《唐词纪》卷五、《古今词话·词辨》卷上、《历代诗馀》卷一百十二引《古今词话》,俱误作吕洞宾词。(人民文学出版社1979年10月出版)二、唐圭璋:李清照《如梦令》第一句云“常记溪亭日暮”,“常”字显然为“尝”字之误。四部丛刊本《乐府雅词》原为抄本,并非善本,其误抄“尝”为“常”,自是意中事,幸宋陈景沂《全芳备祖》卷十一荷花门内引此词正作“尝记”,可以纠正《乐府雅词》之误,由此亦可知《全芳备祖》之可贵。纵观近日选本,凡选清照此词者无不作“常记”,试思常为经常,尝为曾经,作“常”必误无疑,不知何以竟无人深思词意,沿误作“常”,以讹传讹,贻误来学,影响甚大。希望以后选清照此词者,务必以《全芳备祖》为据,改“常”作“尝”。(《百家唐宋词新话》,四川文艺出版社1989年5月出版)三、吴小如《诗词札丛》:我以为“争”应作另一种解释,即“怎”的同义字。这在宋词中是屡见不鲜的。“争渡”即“怎渡”,这一叠句乃形容泛舟人心情焦灼,千方百计想着怎样才能把船从荷花丛中划出来,正如我们平时遇到棘手的事情辄呼“怎么办”、“怎么办”的口吻。不料左右盘旋,船却总是走不脱。这样一折腾,那些已经眠宿滩边的水鸟自然会受到惊扰,扑拉拉地群起而飞了。检近人王延梯《漱玉集注》,“争”正作“怎”解,可谓先得我心。(北京出版社1988年9月出版)四、林东海:《唐宋诸贤绝妙词选》题作“酒兴”。其实,“酒兴”二字并不怎么切题,看来是后人所加。此词确切地说不是写酒兴,而是写“游兴”。在这首词里,词人追忆往日游览溪亭的情景:曾记得(“常记”即“尝记”,《全芳备祖》诸本径作“尝记”)那一天天色将晚,在溪亭游玩饮酒,竟然沉醉不醒,自然也就不知该回去了。(“不知归路”似应作“不知归去”解,即不知归。“路”字连带而及,以便押韵。)待到醒来兴尽,夜幕已经降临,急忙解缆回船。仓促之间,误划入荷花丛中,船儿在荷花丛中打转。糟糕!怎么办!(“争渡”或解为“竞渡”,未切原意,作“怎渡”解较胜。)在彷徨之中,惊动了滩边的鸥鸟和白鹭,它们纷纷起飞,消失在暮色之中。全词叙事写景交织成文,记录了女词人青年时期的一个生活片断。……在词坛上,一般都认为唐之李后主,宋之李清照,最为擅场。李清照对于词的修养是多方面的,而在摄取“瞬间”的表现“永恒”这方面尤为突出。……这首《如梦令》最善于从各个角度抓住生活片断的一瞬间。我们读了这首词后,仿佛看到她沉醉的瞬间神情,其醉也,既在酒,亦在山水之间。其情真,其兴逸,而且带点真趣和野味;仿佛看到回舟误入荷花丛中的瞬间动作。之所以“误”,是酒意未尽?是游兴未尽?是暮色迷眼?是回归心急?这一切或者是兼而有之,却都在偶然一“误”的动作中表现出来了;……全词以悠闲的游兴始,中经溪亭沉醉,急切回舟,误入藕花,最后惊起鸥鹭,动作和情绪,起伏变化,很富于节奏感。最后一切都统一在白色鸥鹭苍茫暮色的大自然景色之中。瞬时的神情,瞬时的动作,瞬时的音容,瞬时的景色,联成一个有机的整体,一个极富立体感的生活画面。这是一个永恒的活生生的生活画面。这画面在清新之景中渗透了野逸之情。(《李清照作品赏析集》,巴蜀书社1992年9月出版)双调忆王孙①湖上风来波浩渺,秋已暮、红稀香少。水光山色与人亲,说不尽、无穷好。 莲子已成荷叶老,清露洗、蘋花汀草②。眠沙鸥鹭不回头,似也恨、人归早。【注释】①双调忆王孙:《乐府雅词》虽然是现存《漱玉词》最早的好版本,但是对于此词的调名却误作《怨王孙》,此后便以讹传讹。巴蜀书社1992年9月版《李清照作品赏析集》第10页,周笃文所撰此词赏析之文首纠其讹作《双调忆王孙》,兹从之。②蘋:亦称田字草,多年生浅水草本蕨类植物。【讲解】此词上下片分明抒发两种心情。上片写激赏秋景的喜悦;下片写归去时的依恋不舍。全篇的中心意思是通过对秋景的描绘,表达作者热爱自然的心情。第一句写广阔无际的水面给人的感受。接下去写晚秋景象:荷已萎谢,只剩下残存的点点红花,馀香淡然。但湖水潋滟、秋山点翠,与人格外亲昵,此情此景使人感到无限美